Organization Development and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Organization Development and Change - Essay Example Employees may not talk about these principles every day, but they reflect on these values when there are issues at work. In a way, employees judge the organization’s performance against its values. Should there be changes made to an organization, one of the first things that the employees would do is analyze if the process and result of the proposed changes would be aligned with cultural principles. If it does, the employees will acquiesce. If it does not, they will certainly complain and not cooperate. If they have doubts, they will voice it out and challenge the company as what happened with IBM. (Cummings, T. & Worley. C., 2008) In the reading, culture was used to facilitate merger and acquisition integration processes when the CEO epitomized the newly-established values of the company. The CEO trusted first and second level managers with a certain amount of money to spend on activities that would promote productiveness, eliminating the delays caused by going through finance departments and getting approvals. By promoting cultural principles, the CEO was able to encourage the employees to revisit their opinion of the company and adjust their behavior. As such more opportunities were made available to the IBM and the company effectively transitioned from their past beliefs and practices to the new ones. As manifested in the reading, cultural change started from the CEO and the strategies and decisions he made to steer the organization towards the much needed change. As one of the studies conducted in the field has discovered, leadership greatly influences the outcome of cultural change. (Heidrich, B., 2002) The same study listed being role models, making decisions that directly influence the value system, and practicing efficient methods of decision-making as possible ways a leader can change a company’s culture. The use of

The role of stress and depression in fibromyalgia Essay

The role of stress and depression in fibromyalgia - Essay Example The term ‘fibromyalgia’ means pain in the muscles, ligaments and tendons. It is a confusing and often misdiagnosed condition. Perhaps fibromyalgia could be better explained to some by discussing the following: Fibromyalgia is defined as a â€Å"†¦chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and multiple tender points that occurs in precise, localized areas, particularly in the neck, spine, shoulders, and hips; also may cause sleep disturbances, morning stiffness, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, and other symptoms.† (â€Å"UK HealthCare†, 2005). It is a complex and painful condition, which occurs primarily – about 80% of the time – in women. It affects up to 5% of the entire population, including children. Many medical professionals believe that there is a connection between fibromyalgia and chronic sleep disorder, and in fact some even theorize that they are actually the same syndrome. The symptoms and signs of fibromyalgia can be minute, large, often painful, and sometimes even debilitating, but are not life threatening. Symptoms of this disorder include: aching, burning or throbbing pain, sleeping disorders, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, cramps, diarrhea, numbness or tingling sensations, chronic headaches, heightened sensitivity to such things as loud noises and bright lights, painful menstrual periods, painful sexual intercourse, frequent urination, rapid or irregular heart rate, shortness of breath, impaired memory and concentration, skin sensitivities and rashes, dry eyes and mouth, anxiety, depression, ringing in the ears, dizziness, vision problems, and sensation of swelling in the hands and feet – just to name the most common. Pain is the primary symptom, and is reported in virtually 100% of cases, most often in areas of the following: back of the head, elbows, hips, knees, neck, upper back, and upper chest. The severity of this pain is

Art as Expression Essay Example for Free

Art as Expression Essay The question of what art is cannot be properly answered without asking why art is. Prior to the advent of the written language, art was used as a means of communication, and in some ways, written language is in its own regard, art. Art, then, must be an expression of meaning by the artist, or potentially by the client that artist created the artwork for, but this assumption is altogether too broad. Art is not exclusively a private expression because it is left open to interpretation by the individual who looks upon it, and as such art can then be categorized as the representation through a variety of mediums, of whatever the beholder or artist thinks it should be. Which poses a greater question is something art if the individual who designed it had no intended message? Or visa versa is something art if the consumer of the artform does not perceive any message? I was at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art about a two years ago, and they had some very abstract pieces on display, all of which brought forth in me at least some semblance of a response, except for a piece by Robert Rauschenberg, call White Painting [three panel], that began a philosophical debate between my brother and I because I refused to call the â€Å"painting† art. To me, there was no way to interpret the three panels of white, they were simply empty canvases that Rauschenberg sold for substantially more than he bought them for. No soul, or emotion went into the piece and as I understand art, that does not qualify as any more than a man playing a abstraction crazy consumer culture for the fool. To backtrack, art in my eyes is the true expression of an artist to the consumer, for the purpose of provocation; art has to make something well up in a person, even if it is not enjoyment, even if it is sorrow, or anger. Art is the way we have always talked to each other as people, and the pure aesthetic painters and songwriters of the last century do not produce art. Art is emotion and passion mixing into something for others to partake in; there is no private art, there is only art that no one else has applied their own perceptions to yet.

Steps in Developing a Human Resource Plan

Steps in Developing a Human Resource Plan Human resource planning is process of corresponding or matching skills and capacities of different members with the long-term goals and financial prospect in the community. Creating a human resource plan wants to involve the significant community sectors, this contribution and input will gives to strong community support. I am planning to explain about the apple corporation. Strategic HR planning is a significant component of strategic HR management. HR management has a link directly to the strategic plan of your organization by it. Mainly mid- to huge sized organizations have a strategic plan that guides it in effectively meeting its mission. Organizations habitually complete financial plans to guarantee they achieve organizational goals and while staff plans are not as regular, they are just as essential. A small organization also with nearly 10 staff can develop a strategic plan to guide decisions about the upcoming. Based on the strategic plan, a strategic HR plan can be developed with your organization which will allow you to build HR management decisions now to carry the future direction of the organization. From a budgetary point of view strategic HR planning is also important in order that you can factor the costs of recruitment, training, etc. into your organizations operating budget. Apple Corporation HR planning is the huge sized organization. This is maintaining development centres all over the world. Apple needs high capability hr planning. HR training and development services from Apple corporation will make possible your ruthless recreation of performance improvement. We appraise your current organizational challenges and propose the best strategy required for Learning and improvement For example, if we consider a office, their clients get knowledge by continuously rising and working out their employees, Core competencies needed for competitive advantage and flexibility can be enhanced by them. They come to us, because as a HR consulting company, Corporate training at Apple corporation is not about conducting hackneyed workshops and official recognition courses, actually it is for design and release of modified learning solutions, with prominence on talent improvement and assessment. Our HR Training and maturity Programs attitude adopts thorough training want scrutiny, followed by personalized course design. Training is then delivered per the target groups skills and capabilities. Our sole post-training intervention includes training supervisors to assess their respective teams, making possible that the learning outcomes are met. Value-added human resource management be required to basically modify the way it thinks about enrollment and employment. One of the ways this can be talented is by the improvement and implementation of a strategic staffing plan. A company to observe its workers as a basis of aggressive benefit inspire of a hit to the foot line is allowed by this plan. Set up for a amend in come close to from traditional human resource management to strategic human resource management. HR business plan should be emphasize talent management and workforce capability, write that one. supplement career growth and progressive opportunities for new hires and offered employees through using job posting and other programs that support endorsement from within the company. For building a dedicated and highly affianced employee base for your company, Use alternative work arrangements .Re classify time-honored work preparations. to For recruiting effectively and offer human resource services develop innovative wa ys via partnering with schools, colleges and universities. Create definite to integrate miscellany into the staffing management procedure. Managers and senior leaders provide the essential tools to workforce their trade units themselves. Provide human resource training to help them take advantage of the new staffing management program. Learning organizations shouldnt be developed organically with organizations; factors prompting are there to their change. As organizations rise, their capacity will be loose to learn as business structure and personage opinion becomes firm. While problems are arising, the projected solutions repeatedly turn out to be only short term (single loop learning) and resurface in the upcoming. To remain aggressive, many organizations have been restructured, with smaller amount people in the company. So that , they who are remaining want to work more efficiently. Companies need to be trained sooner than their colleges to create a competitive advantage and to improve a customer reactive culture. apple recognized organizations want to maintain acquaintance about new goods and processes, should be known what is happening in the outer surroundings and by using the knowledge and skills of all within the organization produce creative solutions. Co-operation must be required between individuals and groups for this. Putting together an HR strategy: HR can prevent several of their prospective battles by foreseing and addressing a little of the troubles that will likely take place. As a common rule of thumb, five basic reasons are there for strategy performance breakdown assisting workers to know the strategy. Strategy development is, in several ways, a systematized method of removing the companys so many inside roadblocks to modify. Each strategy will come upon some assess of battle, when its been unanimously agreed that also. Ahead of Human Resource experts are able to toil to develop strategy, they have to first find out what obstacles currently subsist to prevent the preferred varies from happening in their association. Amend is very important; and the more theatrical the vary in strategy, obviously, the much struggle there will be. Workforce must understand not just the strategic direction itself; they must also have a handle on the cause for the strategy, as well as the driving forces after it. Recruits are the workings around which the gears of trade twist. If the workers dont know where the strategy is headed, they will be incompetent of realizing their full probable in aiding the strategy accomplishment. Augmenting employee dedication to the policy. Changes in plan mean changes for community on a personage level, and human being change tends to indicate regret, dissatisfaction, and challenge. If a worker is going to present any extra endeavour towards propelling a conceived strategy to fulfillment, he should really be given to consider that, in the elongated run, the conclusion product is to be worth the complicated sacrifices made so as to apply the strategy. Streamlining home attempt with the strategy. Even if consistently all workforce have got to be on board to understand and entrust to the strategy. Developing a strategy means justifiably varying work manufacture. So as to reach the trade strategy, all off-strategy job have got to come to an end and all on-strategy work must continue with improved hurry and commitment. Inducing cross-system teamwork. The last but not least, very important step in strategy performance is that of realigning departmental associations within the system. Developing strategy means carving deeper interaction between mutually dependent organizational units, such as sales and producing, or consumer service and allocation. The final profession is as challenging as it is grave, for the reason that it demands that workforce within distinct work plants learn to allocate and intermingle across the time-honoured borders of their profession descriptions. Organizational design There is a good thing in these about this approach to organization design and similar people to roles are that it focal points on the finest fit among the range of capability of an personage and the size of a character. Work pressure can take place if somebodys capacity is up or down the level of the role. People are most contented working at the right level-not too high, or not too low. Many people are given the message that if not they hope to progress up, theres a little wrong with them. But we pressure that it is all about finding a fit to the class of work you like doing and are fine at doing. Apple acquaintances has done tremendous explore on the impact of this class of work on organizations and the data illustrates perfection in worker satisfaction, economic presentation and consumer fulfilment. This is because when you obtain a good fit, the workforce is both glad and prolific. Leadership dedication is the key. If you trust the data around organization efficiency, most organizations are most likely about 30% efficient. To pick up on that a little is tough but vastly significant. But it takes a lot of commitment to stick to it. Our commitment to the people in our trade is that we are taking the time to do this right because we want this to be an organization design that will be in service for at least the next decade. We are in for the long tow. On this period, 3 years into it, there is no getting back. This project has thoroughly altered my viewpoint over the role I opine Human Resource wishes to take part in and Ive worked in Human Resource once in a while for twenty years. I at present get actual clearness over the restrictions of which type of role should and shouldnt be and the significance of us favoring management and not treading far away into executives ´ footwear. Its been a main special lecture for me. There is full-size Human Resource work to be finished in favoring this type of vary, and receiving the procedures in place that permit precious organization design to be executed well and sustained. However in allowing amend, I am extremely obvious about where my part and my functions part end and the task of management starts. The very imperative liability of a manager is to know their group, handle their presentation and grow their ability collection. Staying clear on the variation between a administrators liability and Human Resources liability has been an significant element in the achievement of this vary. Process of human resources planning The word  human resource  means human assets that manage a group. The word  planning  suggests a path of deed. And finally,  process  is the course of action. so, the human resource planning procedure is distinct as, a course of action that the human resources catches up for a systematic reaching of programmed goals. The classification of human resource does not end here. The term includes, its management, which primarily involves issues related to the workforce.  Human Resource Management  (HRM) is the planned and logical proceed to the management of a groups the majority valued assets the people working there who independently and together contribute to the attainment of the goals of the trade. The human resource planning process, demands the HR manager to first know the business requirement. Only if he understands the character and range of the industry, will he be able to employ those who will deliver the needed  presentation. When it approaches to engaging the man resources, the executive should have a keen eye for marking the endowment. It promises that the staff is skilled sufficient the reach the objectives. In addition, the existing ability collection in the place of work should be caught into concern, thus that group with admiring abilities can be engaged. The  tasks of the human resources manager  are differed; he has to levies at present in a job workforce and their deficiencies. Recognizing these deficiencies go a lengthy route in preferring a competent employees. The last movement in human resource planning is raising exploit tactics depend on the collected data, scrutiny and existing options. The solution issue is that the strategies should be suitable to both top organization and workforce. Strategies have to be prioritized and their key players and barriers to achievement recognized. Some of these plans include worker consumption plan, appraisal plan, training and management development plan and human resource supply plan. You are hiring the most excellent workforce for your organizations wishes. You want brilliant workforce who set your civilization. Your staffing policies are vital in magnetizing these public. Engaging the correct worker is a challenging method. Engaging the incorrect worker is pricey, expensive to your profession location, and time consuming. Engaging the accurate worker, on the additional hand, gives you rear in worker production, a winning service connection, and a activist collision on your entire work surroundings. Wish to engage and appoint a advanced employees? This checklist will facilitate you classify your appointing process. The checklist helps you keep path of your engaging efforts. It converses both the engaging and the appointing procedure and improvement in engaging to the hiring manager. Take a look and give opinion. You can develop interaction with prospective nominees long before you want them. These thoughts will also be of assistance you in engaging a huge collection of contenders when you have a present location obtainable. Searching for talent? The brilliant employers, who engage the nice applicants, build up a well trained applicant collection previous to they want to load an occupation. You can build up interaction with prospective candidates long before you need them. These ideas will also help you create a large pool of candidates when you have a present location vacant. Recruitment is the act of searching contenders, appraising candidate qualifications, viewing prospective workforce, and picking workers for a group. Efficient staffing consequences in an organization appointing workforce, who are expert, qualified, and excellent sets with your business background. Staffing manners should make sure engaged workers who are dependable to your business. Organizational culture and working practices Customs are the location that surrounds you at effort all of the time. Customs are a commanding aspect that forms your work satisfaction, your work interaction, and your work courses. But, customs are impressive that you cant really see, excluding through its objective materializations in your work place. Public in every place of work talk about executive culture, that strange word that differentiate work surroundings. One of the key queries and appraisals, when employers interrogate a prospective employee, discovers whether the contender is a good quality literary athletic. Culture is not easy to describe, other than you usually get when you have found a worker who seems to suitable for your culture. He just feels correct. An organizations culture is prepared up of all of the life incidents every member of staff carries to the organization. Culture is particularly inclined by the organizations establisher, executives, and other decision-making team because of their part in conclusion making and intentional direction. Changing working practices in Human Resources The Human Resources specialized contributes to the business by constantly appraising the efficiency of the Human Resources function. He also sponsors adjust in other divisions and in work performs. To endorse the on the whole accomplishment of his group, he champs the recognition of the organizational operation, image, standards, targets and action tactics. Lastly, he helps conclude the events that will tell his organization how well it is successive in all of this. The stable assessment of the efficiency of the group results in the need for the Human Resources expert to often title holder change. Both knowledge about and the capability to accomplish unbeaten change policies make the Human Resources expert extremely valued. Knowing how to connection change to the tactical desires of the organization will curtail employee unhappiness and opposition to change. Human Resources workforce members are promoters for both the business and the staff who work in the company. Accordingly, a superior Human Resources expert makes a stable balancing act to meet both desires fruitfully. The part of the Human Resources proficient is shifting. In the earlier period, Human Resources executives were frequently viewed as the systematizing, policing wing of supervisory management. Their part was more narrowly associated with individual and organization functions that were viewed by the organization as formalities. When you consider that the primary Human Resources function, in many businesses, get s out of the management or finance section because engaging workers, paying workers, and dealing with profit were the organizations first Human Resources needs, this is not shocking. TIME MANAGEMENT  is one of the best resolutions which can assist to decrease the inequality between the personal and the work life of the workers. Prioritizing the errands and planning the behavior can assist to take out a little leisure time which can be made use of for other intentions. Managing some time out for hobbies and relaxation activities, spending with beloved ones can facilitate to hit the strain, accustom to say no if necessary. Sharing the responsibilities will help and dont entrust for somewhat which is almost not possible. Utilizing the supple working hours choice of the organisations to acquire some leisure time.

Suicide Among Youth Essay -- Suicide Teenagers Suicidal Essays

Suicide Among Youth A suicide attempt is a non-fatal act in which an individual deliberately causes self- injury and should be recognized as a method of communication from a youth who may be experiencing severe problems. Canadian statistics from the Suicide Information and Education Center in 1996 recorded 25 000 attempted suicides and 250 successful suicides. 1 in every 100 people who try to commit suicide will die. Based on the 1996 statistics one can assume that these numbers have increased. It has been suggested that suicide is the second leading cause of death amongst the youth and is more common amongst females than males. Although more females attempt to commit suicide males are more successful in doing so. More often than not we hear of younger people committing suicide rather than those of the elderly. From reading several studies it is hard to say whether it is the youth or the general population that are more likely to attempt suicide and be successful at it. One may often wonder why a person commits suicide and what lead them to the point where they felt there was â€Å"no way out†. It has been suggested youth who are suicidal feel alone, not understood by parents and or their peers, that they are unable to cope with failure, criticism and feel that things will never get better or that no one can do anything to help him or her, amongst other things. Based on these feelings experienced by youths they seek suicide as the â€Å"way out†. One reason suggested is that teens commit suicide as a punishment to themselves and to others around them. Suicide is also seen as a method of revenge. Some of the risk factors associated with suicide are abuse (physical, emotional, drug and sexual), as well as family history and change. Youth are affected deeply by change especially with issues involving family and friends. It has been suggested that the greater number of female attempts at suicide is based on relationship breakups. It is assumed that most often females experience a level of attachment that is much greater than that of males. A female may feel as if no one understands her and that the only important person in her life has now left. Along with the risk factors there are warning signs. I will list a few but the slightest comment could mean that the person feels suicidal. Some of the more common warning signs are loss of appetite, sleep distur... ...hday, I would never know what it feels like to get married or have children. Speaking from experience I think that the best way to help youth is to offer programs that can help them. The Support Network here in Edmonton offers confidential 24 hour service to help youth who are experiencing problems. I also think that suicide prevention and education should be taught in schools. I feel this way because this may affect a person’s life in some way or another whether they are the people who attempt or they are someone who has lost a loved one because of suicide. I personally believe that suicide awareness is much more important than learning how to solve for a polynomial or simplifying an equation. Suicide, whether an attempt or a completion is not something that should taken lightly. It is a life changing experience and never goes away. Suicide will affect all lives and needs to be dealt with. Suicide can be prevented, as long as everyone understands and helps those who appear to need it. Even for those who don’t appear to need it! Bibliography Suicide Information and Education Center (SIEC), 1996 Information on pamphlets and handouts from The Support N

Chemosynthesis :: essays research papers fc

Introduction Synthesis is the process of producing a chemical compound usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds. For example, photosynthesis, the word photo means putting together with light. Photosynthesis is the process of converting sunlight into food for organic organisms such as plants. Photosynthesis is the basis of life for planet earth and without it; not only would we not be able to produce the fruits and vegetables that we consume, but the food to feed the animals that we eat. Plants absorb this sunlight which in turn makes oxygen in a process called respiration. This delicate cycle is what allows us to thrive on this planet. Although much of the life on this planet relies on photosynthesis in one way or another, there is another form of synthesis that is equally as important, chemosynthesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The deep sea is considered the largest, yet, least-known habitat on earth and covers about two-thirds of the earth. Every year, and every dive down to the mysterious depths of the deep-sea bring scientist closer and closer to unraveling the secrets of the unimaginable deep. This is where chemosynthesis takes place because there is no sunlight available in order for photosynthesis to take place. How hydrothermal vents work In 1977, in the Galapagos Islands, the first hydrothermal vents were found. Using a submersible called the Alvin, scientist were able to explore this alien world never known to have existed for the first time. Hydrothermal vents are chimney like structures on the ocean floor that release extremely hot, mineral rich water. This process is called Hydrothermal Circulation. Ocean water seeps into the earth, becoming increasingly hotter as it descends downward. As the water passes through the cracks of the earth, it is becoming enriched with metals and minerals until finally turning to a very acidic fluid. When the super heated water reaches about 700˚F (400˚C), the fluid rises and bursts through cracks in the sea floor. The super heated water mixing with the cold sea water causes a chemical reaction and forms particles of metal sulfide to cloud the water. The pieces of metal settle around the area of the crack, and over time, collect to form the chimneys of black smokers. One w ould assume that at the very bottom of the ocean, in 700˚F waters, that nothing could possibly exist here. Surprisingly, over 300 strange and unique species thrive only in these conditions. What lives near hydrothermal vents?

All the Presidents of India

1| Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963)| | 26 January 1950| 13 May 1962| Dr. S Radhakrishnan| 1952 election page  &  1957 election page Prasad was the first President of independent India from Bihar. [7][8]  He was also an independence activist of the Indian Independence Movement. [9]Prasad was the only president to serve for two terms in office. [4]| 2| Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975)| | 13 May 1962| 13 May 1967| Zakir Hussain| 1962 election page Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher, writer, a  Knight of the Realm  and also held the position of  vice chancellor  of the  Andhra University  andBanaras Hindu University. 10]  He was also made a Knight of the  Golden Army of Angels  by  Pope Paul VI. [11]| 3| Zakir Hussain (1897–1969)| | 13 May 1967| 3 May 1969| Varahagiri Venkata Giri| 1967 election page Hussain was vice chancellor of theAligarh Muslim University  and a recipient of  Padma Vibhushan  andBharat Ratna. [12]  He di ed before his term of office was ended. | | Varahagiri Venkata Giri  * (1894–1980)| | 3 May 1969| 20 July 1969| | Giri was appointed as acting president following the death of Hussain. [13]  He resigned in a few months to take part in the presidential elections. [5]| | Muhammad Hidayatullah  * 1905–1992)| | 20 July 1969| 24 August 1969| | Hidayatullah served as the  Chief Justice of India, and was a recipient of the  Order of the British Empire. [14]  He served as acting president until the election of Giri as the President of India. | 4| Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)| | 24 August 1969| 24 August 1974| Gopal Swarup Pathak| 1969 election page Giri is the only person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and has functioned as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to  Ceylon  (Sri Lanka). [15]| 5| Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1905–1977)| | 24 August 1974| 11 February 1977| Basappa Danappa Jatti| 1974 election page Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to have died during a term of office. [16]| | Basappa Danappa Jatti  * (1912–2002)| | 11 February 1977| 25 July 1977| | Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as acting president upon Ahmed's death. He earlier functioned as the Chief Minister for the State ofMysore. [16][17]| 6| Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1913–1996)| | 25 July 1977| 25 July 1982| Muhammad Hidayatullah| 1977 election page N. S. Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh State. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh. [18]  He was unanimously elected Speaker of the  Lok Sabha  on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India. | 7| Gia ni Zail Singh (1916–1994)| | 25 July 1982| 25 July 1987| Ramaswamy Venkataraman| 1982 election page In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. 19]| 8| Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)| | 25 July 1987| 25 July 1992| Shankar Dayal Sharma| 1987 election page In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in theIndia's independence  movement. [20]After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence. [21]| 9| Shankar Dayal Sharma 1918–1999)| | 25 July 1992| 25 July 1997| Kocheril Raman Narayanan| 1992 election page Sharma was Chief Minister of  Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He has also served as the governor of  Andhra Pradesh,  Punjaband  Maharashtra. [22]| 10| Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)| | 25 July 1997| 25 July 2002| Krishan Kant| 1997 election page Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities. [23]  He was also the vice-chancellor of  Jawaharlal Nehru University. 24]| 11| A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931–)| | 25 July 2002| 25 July 2007| Bhairon Singh Shekhawat| 2002 election page Kalam, was a scientist who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs. [25]  Kalam also received theBharat Ratna. | 12| Pratibha Patil (1934–)| | 25 July 2007| Incumbent| Mohammad Hamid Ansari| 2007 election page Patil is the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female Governor of Rajasthan. [26][27]| ————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]Timeline